Deviant Behavior Essay

One man having more than one wife can be a deviant behavior depending on the country and a person’s beliefs. Polygamy is considered normal and lawful in many countries, but it is outlawed in the United States. The people that believe in it say that monogamy is not natural and it oppresses the social structure. Those against it, say it is a religious offense, or that it violates a spouse’s right to intimacy. The Mormon belief is that polygamy is holy and was practiced commonly in ancient times. Having more than one wife is not only natural it is expected in most cases. However in other societies, some believe it is not only wrong but it’s also against the law. The law can be tricky at times especially when it involves religion because as long as a man is following the Mormon faith he can have more than one wife I think. The majority of incarcerated people live below the poverty level because they can’t afford to hire a good attorney and have to settle for the one appointed to them. However, those with money and power can buy just about anything, whether it’s a good lawyer, or to bribe people in high places. The deviant behavior of the powerful is generally considered to be their business and would normally be ignored by society. Someone who is less powerful would have to accept it and deal with whatever punishment they are given. If the wealthy and powerful are lucky enough, they will do a short Federal prison time. The less fortunate go straight to jail or prison. For example, if an average person gets pulled over for a DUI, they will usually get their liscense suspended, serve 30 days or so in jail, and have large fines to pay. A person of power will most likely be able to post bond within a few hours and pay court fines as soon as they can.

Methods of Government, explained by Mr. Lao Tzu

Mr. Lao Tzu,  I am glad to write this letter to you and I wish you to stay in good health. Being myself interested in the art of state governance I could not fail to be moved by your outstanding writings. Philosophers with such profound views as you have are rare, so, desiring to further dispute certain ideas about government and administration I have found nothing better than to write this letter to you and thusly invite you to discussion. Please accept this letter calmly as it is due to a philosopher, for I have not wished to contest your wisdom, but only to share some views which I have obtained via long years of struggles and dangers. My most sincere desire is to have an advice with you because truth is sprout in discussion. Thereto let me pass to my argument.In your famous Tao Te Ching you write:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If you want to be a great leader, you must learn to follow the Tao. Stop trying to control. Let go of fixed plans and concepts, and the world will govern itself[1].†Ã‚  I admire this argument but I put it in a little other way for I think that it is better to be adventurous than cautious, because fortune is a woman, and she needs to be beaten and dominated[2]. That what you call â€Å"Tao† I use to call Fortune. Fortune is something what we can not control, but we can benefit from it. Every ruler has a Fortune, but not all of them are fortunate, because some of them are able to benefit from fortune and others are not. And to benefit from Fortune one has to feel it and take effort to obtain every possible necessary result from lucky events. That’s why I say that Fortune loves young. The young can better feel it and they are faster in using it. Using your terms I can say, that Tao flows by itself outside of our will. The one who feels the flow of Tao and moves with it will win[3]. But in order to win he has to move in the direction he needs only using Tao because in case he moves with Tao he will lose his aim of sight and will be a pr isoner of circumstances.Another piece of your writing which attracted my attention is:â€Å"If a country is governed with tolerance, the people are comfortable and honest. If a country is governed with repression, the people are depressed and crafty. When the will to power is in charge, the higher the ideals, the lower the results. Try to make people happy, and you lay the groundwork for misery. Try to make people moral, and you lay the groundwork for vice.[4]†I agree with you entirely that a ruler is always an example for his subjects, however, I would like to notice, that ruling only by example is a much too vague basis for power. There are always people who do not accept any virtues and who are willing to overthrow even the most perfect ruler, at least to take his place. So I think that except for example a ruler is to inspire love and fear to the people, and at that fear is more important than love, because love is changeful and does not depend on ruler’s will, and fear is an instrument which is always available for a ruler[5].   Moreover, I believe that a ruler is to incur evil and forget about virtues in some cases. I mean those vices without which he might hardly save the state; because, if one considers everything well, one will find that something that appears a virtue, if followed, would be his ruin, and that some other thing that appears a vice, if followed, results in his security and well-being[6].You speak about love and fear not as of methods of ruling, but as of ruler’s qualities when you write that â€Å"When the Master governs, the people are hardly aware that he exists. Next best is a leader who is loved. Next, one who is feared. The worst is one who is despised.†[7]As I have already mentioned, I believe, that fear is a better foundation for power than love, but now I would like to speak exactly of the ruler’s qualities. To my opinion a ruler is not to be good or bad, he is to be reasonable. What works go od once can be not so good next time. Fortune, or Tao as you call it, may change, so the best ruler is the one who skillfully adapts to the situation and never freezes in his qualities. The ruler has to deal with different people who have different desires and so it is hardly possible for him to be same for all. A ruler has not to follow an ideal, but he is to be realistic[8].You call upon princes to let things happen as they happen when you say:â€Å"Center your country in the Tao and evil will have no power. Not that it isn't there, but you'll be able to step out of its way.[9]†Let me used a term which I am used to and call Fortune that what you call Tao. I believe that this argument is weak, because it assumes that the country is ideal. And what about the countries which are not ideal and which are not in conformity with fortune? I would compare her to one of those raging rivers, which when in flood overflows the plains, sweeping away trees and buildings, bearing away the soil from place to place; everything flies before it, all yield to its violence, without being able in any way to withstand it; and yet, though its nature be such, it does not follow therefore that men, when the weather becomes fair, shall not make provision, both with defenses and barriers, in such a manner that, rising again, the waters may pass away by canal, and their force be neither so unrestrained nor so dangerous. So it happens with Fortune, who shows her power where valour has not prepared to resist her, and thither she turns her forces where she knows that barriers and defences have not been raised to constrain her[10]. So a ruler does have to act in order to bring his principality to perfectness and make it protected even from Fortune itself.Let me conclude my modest letter by this. Hope you were not bored while reading it and you will find it possible to answer my most humble writing.Cordially yours humble servant,Niccolà ² di Bernardo dei MachiavelliWorks Cited:1. Lao Tsu, Tao Te Ching, 25th-Anniversary Edition, Vintage, 19972. Machiavelli.   The Prince. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19983. Mary G. Dietz, Trapping The Prince: Machiavelli and the Politics of Deception, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 777-7994. David Hall, Commentary on the Lao Tzu by Wang Pi by Ariane Rump, Wing-tsit Chan, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pp. 97-98[1] Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, 25th-Anniversary Edition, Vintage, 1997. Verse 57 [2] Niccolo Machiavelli.   The Prince. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.- 83 [3] Lao Tzu dows not speak so directly, but it is usually mentioned by commentators. For example see: David Hall, Commentary on the Lao Tzu by Wang Pi by Ariane Rump, Wing-tsit Chan, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pp. 97-98 [4] Lao Tzu, 58 [5]   See: Niccolo Machiavelli, chap. XVII [6] Lao Tzu, 58 [7] Lao Tzu, 17 [8] For this Machiavelli’s argument see: Mary G. Dietz, Trapping The Prince: Machiavelli and the Politics of Deception, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 777-799 [9] Lao Tzu, 60 [10] Niccolo Machiavelli, p.- 119

Primary education Essay

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. A right to education has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the United Nations’ 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Etymology Etymologically, the word â€Å"education† is derived from the Latin educatio from educo which is related to the homonym educo from e- and †duco . Type of education Education can take place in formal or informal educational settings. Formal education Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system. Schools systems are sometimes also based on religions, giving them different curricula. Curriculum. In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard. An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university–or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences. Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater. Preschools The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school. Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is â€Å"to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the child’s physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them. † This period of education is very important in the formative years of the child. Teachers with special skills and training are needed at this time to nurture the children to develop their potentials. Primary schools Primary education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training. Secondary schools In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, â€Å"post-secondary†, or â€Å"higher† education for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession. The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories, that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment. In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history. Alternative Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education . This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs, but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods. Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, homeschooling and autodidacticism vary, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community. Alternative education may also allow for independent learning and engaging class activities. Special. In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were often educated by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. Special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities in its early years, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning. Vocational Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts. Informal education Autodidacticism Autodidacticism is self-directed learning that is related to but different from informal learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is â€Å"learning on your own† or â€Å"by yourself†, and an autodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, absorbing process. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one’s life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, Thomas Alva Edison, Tadao Ando, George Bernard Shaw, Frank Zappa,and Leonardo da Vinci . Indigenous Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to â€Å"reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students. † Education through recreation The concept of education through recreation was first applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L. P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: â€Å"A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well. † Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life’s activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students. Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Open education is generally significantly cheaper than traditional campus based learning and in many cases even free. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Many people despite favorable studies on effectiveness may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons. The conventional merit system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities. Although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Currently many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal â€Å"academic value† to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. There has been a culture forming around distance learning for people who are looking to enjoy the shared social aspects that many people value in traditional on campus education that is not often directly offered from open education. Examples of this are people in open education forming study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege. Liberal arts colleges A liberal arts institution can be defined as a â€Å"college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. † Although what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe, the term is more commonly associated with Universities in the United States. Community colleges A nonresidential junior college offering courses to people living in a particular area. Learning modalities There has been much interest in learning modalities and styles over the last two decades. The most commonly employed learning modalities are: Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned. Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information. Kinesthetic: learning based on movement, e. g. hands-on work and engaging in activities. Other commonly-employed modalities include musical, interpersonal, verbal, logical, and intrapersonal. Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people’s personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc’s Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach. Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued â€Å"there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice. † Instruction Instruction is the facilitation of another’s learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline.

Read and Review God the Economist the book Essay

Read and Review God the Economist the book - Essay Example re discussed thoroughly, along with the idea of the Christian tradition and the application of radical implications for individual Christians and for the churches. M. Douglas Meeks received his B.D. and his Ph.D. from Duke University and studied as a Fulbright Fellow at Tubingen University. Previously ranking as the dean and professor of systematic theology at Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington, DC, as well as professor of systematic theology at Eden Theological Seminary in St. Louis, Meeks is the author, co-author or editor of 16 books, one of his most praised being this one in particular – God the Economist. Meeks’ record of professional service includes membership on a variety of academic and ecclesial councils and commissions dealing with theology and economy, religion and science, liberation theology, points at issue between black and white theologies, and theological education. He is also an ordained minister in the United Methodist Church. These past and present qualities are what enabled Meeks to have such an accurate and intellectual view on two such critical subjects – God and the economy. When it comes to Christians and the church speaking about economy, or vice versa, it seems that those involved often falter at the subject. In this book, Meeks is noted for developing his doctrine of the economist God in order to show that provision for all the needs of all people is not simply an add-on to the Christian faith but is instead entirely relevant and is its very heart and soul. Meeks centers his argument on a social conception of the Trinity, each of whose persons are understood to be giving and sustaining, rather than self-sufficient and domineering. A main point that Meeks makes in this book is that we as a world – especially in the North American countries – fail to see the destitution and despair both economically and spiritually around us, while all the time trying to fix massive other problems which seem to actually not be near as

Research Eosin Y with and without Phloxine B Reagents Paper

Eosin Y with and without Phloxine B Reagents - Research Paper Example The physical and chemical properties differ from one isomer to another. The highest melting point is 13.260C (55.870F) for p-xylene and the least is -47.870C (-54.170F) for m-xylene. All isomers have a boiling point around 1400C (2850F). In respect to density, all isomers have a density of around 0.87 g/ml that is less than dense water. In air, one can smell xylene at a concentration of 0.08 to 3.7 ppm while at water one can taste it at 0.53 to 1.8 ppm. In terms of appearance, xylene is a colourless and clear. The compounds related to xylene include benzene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene and toluene. Xylene is practically insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents like the aromatic hydrocarbons (Pujado and Jones, 2006). According to Avery (2008) xylene, is commonly used in a histology lab for cleaning purposes. In the histology lab, technicians apply xylene for the purposes of tissue processing, deparaffinised and cover-slipping. It is termed as the best cleaning agent in a histology lab. It is applied before the infiltrating tissue in the cleaning process. To infiltrate a tissue peace with water, paraffin and alcohol must be removed. By removing, first, dehydration of tissues fixed with aqueous fixation is done by placing it through different alcohols starting from 50 % to 100 % through 70 %, 80 % and 95 %. After dehydrating the tissues, it must be cleaned using Histo-Grade Xylene form alcohol. After completion of this process, the infiltration of the tissue with paraffin can be done. Xylene can also be used in lab to prepare cover-slipping slides. The slides that are stained cannot be cover-slipped until the removal of water takes place. In order to dehydrate the water slide, the stained slide is placed into alcohol. After that the stained slide is placed into xylene in order to remove alcohol. After completion of this

Employability Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employability Portfolio - Assignment Example MS Work I have used this program for general word processing. In the Office, it was very useful in producing office documents. MS Excel I have used this program in simple data analysis such as analyzing market data to find median, mode and mean. MS Project This software is very useful in project management. I have used it in the past to plan projects for efficient time and resource management. MS Access This is a database management system. I have used it in the past to create and manage databases QUESTIONS Please answer all of the following questions using examples from either university or your work experience. 1. Tell us about yourself. What are you passionate about? a.) Related to your education or studies/degree? I have a passion for making things work, especially with people. I believe that the best resources that an organisation has. In this regard, I feel that I can be able to make big and important contributions. Human resource is a field that has a lot to be learnt and to b e investigated and there are issues and these interests me. b.) In your personal life? I believe in people development and I also believe that any person can be turned into an efficient and effective person. I always look around myself and see a lot of human resource, not only in companies but in every day lives, being wasted. This makes want to do something that will change this and that will help in making sure that they are able to reach their potential. When I see organisations using too much money trying o buy talent, I feel that there are better ways of getting talent, that is, by develop the talent in house. 2. Can you give us an example of a successful team that you have been a member of? In my neighbourhood, we created a voluntary group that that was intended at helping disadvantaged children in getting education. This team was successful in making sure that all these children were given a second chance. We saw most of the children improving their grades and also having a b etter attitude towards education. Why was it successful? I can attribute the success of the team to two major issues, both of which have to do with human motivation. The first factor is that the team members were highly motivated. I founded the team on a noble cause and the only motivation was to see these children getting better lives. The fact that we saw these children having better lives made it easier for the team to have ht energy and will to go on even with the numerous challenges. The second factor was the factor that the team focused on motivating the children to learn on their own. The team did not only try to offer the children knowledge, focused on making the students to be able to look at knowledge seeking as a fun activity. This was my idea which I introduce to the team and asked them to discuss on how to motivate the children to like reading on their own. After discussion with the team, we developed a method of encouraging the students to learn in their selves. What w as your role in the team? I was the founder in the team and after the team was founded, used to be the coordinator, albeit not in an official way. The main challenge of that the team was facing was the fact that most of the students who was

The issue of lurking doubt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The issue of lurking doubt - Essay Example But after the passing of CAA 1966, the court is now vested with the power of allowing an appeal against a conviction if the court feels that the jury’s verdict should be discarded on the basis that the case is unsafe or not acceptable or does not satisfy all conditions. Lord Widgery stated that a court must leave the objective part of a case and take a subjective measure of the case analysis. The subjective measure proposed by Widgery is that the court should decide whether to let the matter rest as it is or whether they have some lurking doubt. In this case, the lurking doubt is considered if it makes the court wonder if some miscarriage of justice was committed. This subjective test is strictly not based on the evidence received by the court; instead, it is based on the general feel of the case and the personal opinion of the judge(s) of the case. The precedent set by Lord Widgery in 1966 became the lurking doubt test for the appellate court, where each member of the bench c onsiders if the verdicts given are unsafe or unsatisfactory and then allows the conviction to pass or be quashed. The decision on whether the lurking doubt test should be consigned to history or still be used is based on the court itself and the trial jury. An analysis of different cases indicated that the test is still in use but can be arguable. From an analysis of Malleson’s () research into the use of the lurking doubt test, it is found that after Widgery’s introduction of the test in Cooper, 6 cases used the test between then and 1989.... inst a conviction if the court feels that the jury’s verdict should be discarded on the basis that the case is unsafe or not acceptable, or does not satisfy all conditions. Lord Widgery (1969) stated that a court must leave the objective part of a case and take a subjective measure to the case analysis. The subjective measure proposed by Widgery is that the court should decide whether to let the matter rest as it is or whether they have some lurking doubt. In this case the lurking doubt is considered if it makes the court wonder if some miscarriage of justice was committed.7 This subjective test is strictly not based on the evidence received by the court; instead it is based on the general feel of the case and the personal opinion of the judge(s) of the case. The precedent set by Lord Widgery in 1966 became the lurking doubt test for the appellate court, where each member of the bench considers if the verdicts given are unsafe or unsatisfactory and then allows the conviction t o pass or be quashed. The decision on whether the lurking doubt test should be consigned to history or still be used is based on the court itself and the trial jury. An analysis of different cases indicated that the test is still in use but can be arguable. From an analysis of Malleson’s () research into the use of the lurking doubt test, it is found that after Widgery’s introduction of the test in Cooper (1969),8 6 cases used the test between then and 1989. However, in 1990, of the 102 successful appeals, 6 of them included the aspect of the lurking doubt test, as compared to 14 out of 114 cases in 1992.9 In the 1992 cases, Malleson states that the 14 convictions were reversed based on the court’s opinion that the jury reached wrong decisions, despite the fact that no new evidence was

Automation of Services at the County Offices Using the Mobile Essay

Automation of Services at the County Offices Using the Mobile Application Systems - Essay Example This paper illustrates that despite the substantive progress made in the automation of services at the County offices using today’s mobile application system technologies, little success has ideally been made in ensuring that effective delivery of service is achieved as required by the project proposal. After a successful completion of the research proposal and its submission, the author has since been working on addressing a number of aspects that have proved to be challenging in effectively applying the plan despite the fact that the development process is completed. The main intention of the proposal was to provide solutions to the current problems facing the county offices in terms of enhancing their service delivery prospects and mitigate the previous challenges of corruption and increased numbers of ghost workers. Ideally, upon completion and the final implementation, the proposal would make a significant impact in addressing the challenges in the County officers and in turn enhance service delivery to the citizens. However, much progress has not been made because of various factors. The process of developing the software is currently finalized; however, working out the trials has been the greatest challenge considering the fact that a majority of the County offices’ workers significantly benefit from the analog system of service delivery and, therefore, do not embrace the use of the technology. Going by the prospects that the proposal was meant to address issues of corruption and ghost workers availability, such prospects have not been achieved yet. A majority of firms that have already implemented similar services don’t accept interviews pertaining to the effectiveness of their systems majorly because of the confidentiality aspects associated with the implementation of the project.

Equity And the Law of Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity And the Law of Trust - Essay Example An express trust is created by the settlor’s conveyance of property by will or deed to a party, for this property to be held in trust for others. Creation of a trust does not require consideration. Written and formal documents are needed only for Trusts of real estate as required by the Statute of Frauds. A resulting trust is created when the intention is inferred or presumed, by a court of equity, from the terms of disposition of the property. Finally, a constructive trust results when a court of equity compels the person having legal title, to hold it for the benefit of another. A person guilty of fraudulent acquisition of title to property will be deemed by the court to be the trustee and will be ordered to hand over the property to the defrauded party. (Trust – property law-, n.d). Trusts are set up for the joint ownership of the matrimonial home, reduce amount of tax payable, provide for infants, the elderly or mentally disordered and to protect people from their vices. Sometimes the public donates money in response to some disaster or crisis and the law has to formulate a mechanism to administer the resulting fund. (Equity and the law of Trusts, n.d). In the present day world, the role of Trusts has assumed great significance. Trusts minimize estate taxes or help people who cannot manage their own assets for example minor children, disabled children or aged parents. Sometimes a trust is created to provide support and property management for a surviving spouse and minor children or for the educational purpose of children and grandchildren. Conditions of Revocable Trusts can be changed only during the lifetime of the settlor. This is beneficial for adapting to the changes taking place in tax and estate laws. Irrevocable Trusts cannot be changed, revoked or terminated once they are set up and do not provide for changes in the tax and estate laws. Some of the modern day varieties of Trusts are: Living Trusts or Trusts which are created and

Subject matter must be directly related to the financial issues Essay

Subject matter must be directly related to the financial issues covered in the course.the sourse of your analysis should be from - Essay Example However before one chooses a particular fund source he/she needs to consider a number of factors with the first one being the risks associated with fund source. The organization in need of finance should also evaluate the kind of relationship they are likely to engage with the potential funder and most importantly, the costs associated with the financing requirements. The cost of fund source is an important consideration for an organization when in need of raising additional funds. The cost of capital, which is the cost of funds to be used for financing an operation undertaken by the organization can be understood from three main perspectives namely investor, company and mode of financing. From an investor point of view, cost of capital refers to the opportunity cost of choosing a particular investment over others. Most investors with a diversified portfolio often have a wide array of investment opportunities where they can invest their money but they often opt for a specific investm ent. Pratt and Grabowski (2010) assert that the decision to invest in a specific investment often made based on the rate of return earned over that specific investment compared to others. ... The rates of return from ABC inform of bond interest and UVW which is inform of divided will play a critical role in informing the investors decision to make investment especially if they are of similar risk considering that each comes with its own opportunity cost. In other words, cost of capital is comparable to the internal Rate of return (IRR) which measures the desirability of a wide range of projects. From a company perspective, cost of capital refers to the measurable cost of acquiring funds from a particular source in order to finance a particular project. For instance, company that uses loan from a bank to finance its projects, its cost of capital will be the money needed to compensate the bank inform of loan interest. Armitage (2005) elucidate that cost of capital is a crucial benchmark for making financial decisions relating to investments in a new project by companies. This is because it forms the minimum amount of return that the owner of funds will require before issuin g funds to the company inform of capital. In other words, the company must be able to pay the cost associated with a particular fund source before acquiring funds. This means that the returns from the project to be financed must be higher than the average cost of obtaining the capital to finance it. Companies are known for borrowing money to finance different projects such as expansion programs, product development, and purchase assets and they often cost of acquiring funds as their basis for project evaluation as projects with low returns and high cost of finance cannot be financed (Lumby & Jones, 2003). For instance an organization that

Information Systems Development Philosophies and Methodologies, and Essay

Information Systems Development Philosophies and Methodologies, and System Analysis - Essay Example The data is then made accessible to the doctors and the nurses and then they have the power to sort the system at the will or in accordance to the hospitals guidelines or according to emergency disasters (Lakha and Moore, 34; Turegano and Perez-Diaz, 441). The updated information is what is fed back into the original triage and made available for patients to watch on a live monitor. As more patients get into the hospital and are registered, many more will tend to have more severe cases and thus, depending on the mode of selection by the doctors to determine who should be served first, there are patients who will feel neglected. This will tend to resume the past squabbles as outlined by the previous system. The system development process is thus fairer in that the problems trying to be rooted out are partly done. To avert the problem noted in the profile, it is essential that assessment that is more practical be done in terms of the CATWOE checklist. According to Checkland and Scholes (23), in their soft systems methodology, they propose solutions, advising on CATWOE to problems that have no definitive approach. Using the analysis, it will hence be possible to tell out the possible remedies to the problems and proposed solutions. According to Wilson (1) proper judgments will depend on the

Psychopathy Influences and Factors Essay Example for Free

Psychopathy Influences and Factors Essay Psychopathy has been around for hundreds of years and with a variety of names. In the early 1800s it was considered â€Å"moral insanity† and was based on the antisocial and nonconformity of individuals in society, but not necessarily criminal (Vitacco, Neuman Jackson, 2005). Today, the same description holds true to some extent. Merriam-Webster (2008) defines psychopathy as â€Å"a mental disorder† showing symptoms of insensitive and antisocial behavior. In the early view this disorder was viewed as just a deficit of character, where today, psychopathy is viewed as a treatable disorder that has ties to violent and non-violent behaviors (Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007). By the early 1940s, a set standard of 16 criteria was used to diagnose this moral insanity or psychopathy. This diagnosis tool was focused on the behavior and personality traits and actions of the person, but had not been viewed as a factor in studying criminal behavior (Vitacco, Neuman Jackson, 2005). This early 20th Century research in the field of psychopathy, it has blossomed and grown in to a psychological field of science all its own. In the 1980s the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) which listed the criterion from the initial research as well as new criterion for a total of 20 characteristics. The PCL was used on prisoners and criminally hospitalized people to show a correlation between psychopathy tendencies, and crime and violence. Eventually the PCL was modified a bit more to include the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), Psychopathy: Revised (PCL:R), and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). All of these checklists have one thing in common; each can be used as a prediction tool in the relation of psychopathy traits and criminal activity (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). In just about every study there are four factors that are considered basic traits of the psychopathy personality. These four factors are found as predictors in each of the PCLs used in today’s psychopathy research. The traits include interpersonal detachment, affective disorders, non-conforming behavioral traits, and general antisocial actions (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). While most of the recent research has been used mainly on the male populations in prisons, juvenile institutions and psychiatric hospitals, the researchers who long believed the standard set did not fit with the female personality have begun to change the mindset. Many demographic factors including gender and race are being used to determine correlations and causes of the psychopathy personality. Psychopathy and Female Gender In more recent years, there has been an insurgent amount of research based on the psychopathy tendencies and predictability of female youth and adult offenders. The initial studies using any of the PCLs and including women as participants did not show a significant correlation between the psychopathic female and criminal behavior. However, more and more studies are showing correlations between and the prediction of criminal behavior in adult and adolescent female individuals with psychopathy personalities. One study of mixed adolescents began with the assumption of female participants having underlying factors that are not accounted for in the normal questions of the CPL:YV. This assumption was based on the ideal of the differences in the development of female and male adolescents. This study discovered some interesting information. While it was unable to predict non-violent activities in male or female participants, the female participants had extreme values in the prediction of violent behavior. This was one of the first studies including females that proved it would be used reliable for prediction of female violence (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006). In fact, the mean association with female prediction was 21. 8 with a standard deviation of 5. 8, while male counterparts had a mean association with prediction of 22. 1 and a standard deviation of 6. 9.  This shows a correlation in the reliability of the predicting feature of this checklist in relation to female participants (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006). There have also been studies on adult females with psychopathy traits that have found a decrease in intelligence with an increase in anxiety and psychopathic tendencies. This study allowed researchers to show the validity and reliability of the PCL:SV or PCL:R as a predicting tool in violent behavior and recidivism possibilities in both female inpatients and outpatients who participated in the study. Finally the task is not more just trying to understand the why and what of the male psychopath but the female psychopathy is gaining more ground and more research is being conducted now and in the future (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007) Psychopathy and Race Within many of the same studies that are looking at female psychopaths, researchers are also declaring that race may be a factor in the onset of psychopathy tendencies. Most studies unfortunately, are coming up short with little significance in any correlation between race and psychopathic traits. In fact, the majority of the studies are showing a much higher significance in the correlation between gender and psychopathy than race and psychopathy (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). This does not mean that the researchers will stop working toward finding the cause especially if it is a demographic in nature. Today’s researchers are working long and hard to gain a better understanding of what is the true cause of psychopathy and if there are any signs that we can focus on when the child is still young. Psychopathy Treatments At this time, there is not known, end all, treatment for psychopathy. The reason for this is due to the number of factors that can attribute to the psychopathy traits. Just being antisocial is not psychopath and just being insensitive is not psychopath. The fact of the matter is that most psychopaths enter treatment just to quit almost immediately. The fact that the disorder is not associated with any practical or tangible pain or symptoms make this disorder easily ignored by the patient and the community. Without tangible repercussions, the treatment is meaningless and the individual returns to the actions of the past (Reid Gacono, 2005). Another problem is that no psychiatric medications seem to work to change the inherent traits of the psychopath. Without the use of normal types of therapy and medication treatment of this disorder is extremely hard. The only treatment that seems to work with psychopaths is the extreme treatments with rigorous and unchangeable schedules such as â€Å"wilderness programs† and such that take the individual out of normal life and into a boot camp like setting with structure and guidance. However, this rigorous lifestyle is usually abandoned as soon and the program is over (Reid Gacono, 2005). Recidivism of Psychopathy Personalities  Recidivism is basically the chance of a person returning to a way of life that is unacceptable, be the actions criminal, or just not acceptable to the community. In either case, a person who has been diagnosed with a psychopathy disorder is more likely to return to previous actions. In fact, the CPL:R is an incredibly accurate predictor of recidivism in persons with psychopathy tendencies. Studies have shown that a higher value in psychopathy and higher value in anxiety correlates with a lower intelligence value and a better chance of acting out in a violent way. If the violent action had been used previously, then the chance of recidivism was even more likely (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). Another study showed that many women with psychopathy tendencies also have what is called â€Å"selective attention abnormalities† that cause the women to exhibit violent and criminal actions. The action is not emotionally motivated but is an inherent deficit in the personality of the person (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007). Conclusion In reality, more studies have to be conducted on psychopathy in mixed populations as well as single demographic variables. The field may have been around for over 200 years, but it is only now that science is catching up and finally giving some results that researches can use and help to treat this disorder (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). Psychopathy is not psychotic. There is a difference, but the violent tendencies are just below the surface, and the reason the traits are provoked is still widely unknown. The more research and the clearer the view of this disorder, the more help we can offer to those who are diagnosed in the future.

The Effect Of Internet Piracy

The Effect Of Internet Piracy Both the music and gaming industry claim to suffer from major financial losses due to internet piracy. In 2002, Software publishers claimed that, the worldwide piracy rate for PC business software was 39%, which translated into a $13.08 billion loss in revenue. The music industry also recorded losses of up to $4.6 billion as a result of 1.8 billion illegal downloads. (International Planning and Research Corporation 2003). All these figures indicate significant losses to the relevant copyright owners. (Hui, Kai-Lung, and I.P.L. Png (2003)) Many analysts believe it is due to peer-to-peer (P2P) technologies which lead to the illegal downloading. This type of piracy is known as End-user piracy, which differs greatly from For-profit piracy. End-user piracy seems to be a lot more difficult to control. The music/game industry and policy makers address this issue by reinforcing copyright laws and implementing technological protection and also targeting the developers and users of P2P networks. The ongoing Eircom vs. The Pirate Bay debate is an example of this preventative action. But many believe downloading is a form of sampling and also leads to the exposure effect, leading people to find and try new music in order to make more informed purchases which in turn can lead to an increase in CD sales around the world. (Peitz and Waelbroeck (2003)) The harm caused by piracy also depends on publishers pricing strategies. When it seems more beneficial for potential shoppers to resort to private copying, publishers could raise the price of the legitimate item to extract the increased consumer surplus. If this happens, directly treating all pirated copies as lost sales would overstate the harm caused by piracy. However, similarly, if publishers deliberately set low prices to discourage copying, then the number of copies would understate the lost revenue (Kai-Lung et al (2003)) There are two ways of copying non-authorized digital products; by obtaining original material from family or friends, or by downloading it directly from the internet. The process of copying music, film or software is very easy, all someone needs is the product and a storage device like a hard-drive or cd-recorder. Digital goods also copy across perfectly when coming direct from the source. On the other hand, downloading from P2P file-sharing websites has a number of considerable disadvantages. Lower quality copies are generally produced and users can spend hours looking for the right download file. Also, frequently, due to the lack of install guides for software and lack of song lyrics, this effort can lead to wasted time. Lastly, files such as music and video files can be badly compressed or incomplete. (Martin Peitz et al (2003)) Literature Review To illegally copy or distribute unauthorized or counterfeit music, video or software of any type is known as internet piracy. Software is now one of the most heavily distributed products on the internet (Microsoft.com, 2010). This, now a criminal offence, includes the illegal reproduction and duplication of copyrighted computer software, music and films (Hohn, Muftic, Wolf, (2006)). However the biggest problem in this digital time we live in, as stated by Lysonski Durvasula, (2008), is the undoubtable fact that the process of downloading music over the internet is reasonably easy. With just a few clicks of a button you can download an artists entire discography, and with the speed of internet access these days it is on your computer in a matter of minutes. Piracy is most rampant in young people. As seen in the survey conducted by Gallup Poll (2003), 83% of the young people said that downloading of music for free was totally acceptable. In another survey conducted by Freestone and Mitchell (2004) evidence was found to suggest that downloading music was seen as least wrong of other criminal internet acts, because they felt no harm was being done to others. It was also found the majority of college students said that downloading music and films was neither an offence or illegal. (T. Ramayah, Noor Hazlina Ahmad, Lau Guek Chin, May-Chiun, Lo (2009)) This is mostly because of the creation of these P2P networks like Bit-comet the Pirate Bay and the total digitalisation of music, video and software. It is my belief that because of this process of digitalisation the sale of CDs around the world has declined. Most reports seem to suggest that P2P networks have a direct negative impact on the digital industry, be it music or games. Essentially, there are four communication channels that can be used for Internet piracy: The World Wide Web, a normalised set of standards for storing, getting and displaying information in a client/server environment. FTP (File Transport Protocol) a protocol for getting and sending files from a remote computer. Peer to Peer computing (P2P), a form of distributed processing that links computers via the Internet or pirate networks so that they can share processing tasks. Electronic Mail (e-mail), used for the computer-to-computer exchange of messages and usually the pirated files are sent as attachments, limited to 25mb using Googles Gmail. (T. Ramayah et al (2009)) Such huge losses dilute the incentive for development of information product. However, the losses claimed by the computer software and recorded music industries may be excessive. If piracy could be prevented, many of those who used pirated products might not switch to buying the legitimate item. Instead, they might simply not use the product. With no reduction in price, it is not likely for all the illegal users to switch to the legitimate item. (Kai-Lung et al (2003) Here in Table 1 which was conducted by Kai-Lung et al (2003), reports a very descriptive set of statistics. Consumption of music CDs per capita were a little more than one unit per year, while around 12% owned CD players. The standard deviation of personal disposable income and CD player ownership were large (Table 1) this indicted that the countries in question had different demographic characteristics and income. Worldwide MTV subscription was low per capita, but over the years has started to grow steadily. This leads us into Table 2 which reports the music CD average price and per capita consumption of pirated and legitimate CDs over a range of countries around the world. As seen in (table 2) the demand for both legitimate and pirated CDs varied across the countries with India having the lowest per capita purchase of legitimate music CDs and the United States having the highest. The consumption of pirated CDs was this time, highest in both Singapore and Hong Kong with the United Stated being the lowest. With a few exceptions (e.g., India and Japan), the average price of music CDs varied moderately across the countries. Kai-Lung et al (2003) Hui, Kai-Lung, and I.P.L. Png (2003) Piracy and the Legitimate Demand for Recorded Music, Contributions to Economic Analysis Policy. Peitz and Waelbroeck 2003 The Effect of Internet Piracy on Music Sales: Cross-Section Evidence, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, 2004 Hohn, D. A., Muftic,L. R., Wolf, K. 2006. Swashbuckling Students: An Exploratory Study of Internet Piracy. Lysonski, S., Durvasula, S. 2008. Digital piracy of MP3: Consumer and ethical predispositions. Journal of Consumer Marketing. T. Ramayah, Noor Hazlina Ahmad, Lau Guek Chin, May-Chiun, Lo 2009 Testing a Causal Model of Internet Piracy Behavior Among University Students Gallup Poll. 2003. Moral Acceptability of Downloading Music for Free. Gallup Youth Survey. Freestone, O., Mitchell, W. 2004. Generation Y Attitudes towards E-ethics and Internetrelated Misbehaviours. Journal of Business Ethics

Men and Nursing :: Nursing Essays

Nursing is a profession that I have always been fascinated with. Nursing is defined as "health promotion, health maintenance, health restoration and providing care to the sick and dying" (Kozier and Erb). There are five values essential to nursing, which include altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity and social justice (AACN). Nursing is a profession in which the nurse uses caring as a central concept. Some other characteristics of the nursing profession include art, science, advocacy, and offering holistic care. Nurses use critical thinking in order to problem solve because every patient is unique. The nursing process when assessing a patient includes, data collection, analysis, planning, implementing, and evaluation. Nurses need to be able to deal with change in stressful, fast paced, hectic environments. The treatments and technology is constantly changing therefore nurses need to be able to make quick and important decisions. When people think of a nurse they normally come to the conclusion that most nurses are women. I would have thought the same, due to the qualities I have mentioned. I would like to research why men are entering the nursing profession. I feel that a male would join the profession because of the hours a nurse works. Men who like to fish and hunt can work as a nurse three days a week full time and have four days to enjoy leisure activities. The nursing profession is drawing more men into the field and usually thought for the same reasons as women. By a series of an observation, a survey, an interview, and a personal history, I will prove that men join the nursing profession because of money. In the observation I sat in a waiting area of a cardiology floor in a hospital. I noted the nurses â€Å"running around like chickens with their heads cut off,† as patients were coming back from cardiac procedures such as a cardiac catherization. The floor nurses were mostly women and only a few men filled the hallways. The stress on the floor was high; you could just feel the tension building as the floor became full with patients. In the observation I was looking for how many male nurses were working and what there reaction was to the stress.

Invisible Man :: essays research papers

Invisible Man Books related to Invisible Man Although most ethnic groups do not like to be thought of as different, they do come to enjoy the benefits that come with being labeled as a minority. Affirmative action is a program initiated to try and bridge the gap between white Americans and the minorities that reside in America. In addition, bilingual education is constantly an issue in Southern California, especially when choosing political candidates. In the two books I will be examining, Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, both characters in the stories are criticized by their own ethnic groups for not following the path that their parents have laid out for them. Protag, the main character in Invisible Man, chooses to join an organization called the Brotherhood, instead of a similar organization which is made up of all black men. Rodriguez decides to take a stand against affirmative action and bilingual education, two issues which Hispanics have almost always been in favor of. However, th e decisions by these two characters to go against the values widely held by members of their ethnic groups causes a great deal of tension. People want to question how devoted the characters are to the cause. Both characters went against the norm and made choices which brought criticism from members of their ethnic groups, but their choices ultimately led to the strengthening of their groups culture in society. First we will look at what may have influenced the character’s choices, followed by the designation of being labeled a scholarship boy may have played in their decisions. Finally we will look at what exactly they did for their ethnic group and some of the differences that exist between the two characters. Upon his arrival in Harlem after his dismissal from college, Protag became aware of the two groups that were concerned with changing the social conditions in New York City. The first group was led by Ras the Exhorter and was a much more radical group. One woman was quotes as saying, "His hoodlums would attack and denounce the white meat of a roasted chicken" (Ellison 35). The other group in New York City was known as the Brotherhood and was a much less radical organization which was predominately by white men. These two groups often found themselves in the midst of controversy, both in the public eye and between each other.

Welfare Reform: Promoting Independence and Self-Reliance Essay

Welfare Reform: Promoting Independence and Self-Reliance Mary Smith gets up every day at 6 am and begins to hustle around the house. She rouses her three children from their slumber and forces them to get ready for school. Once the kids are on the bus, she hops in her car and heads off to her job at the local fast food restaurant. After working her seven hours at the restaurant, she goes to her night course at the college in town. The course she is taking will help her get her high school diploma and possibly lead her to a successful career. These two things have been dreams of Mary's for so long, but she hasn't been able to attain them until now. She has been on welfare since the age of eighteen after having her first baby, Elijah. Most days life still seems like an endless tunnel, but now she thinks she may be starting to see a little light through the darkness. Many single mothers, like Mary Smith, and others on welfare have been given the chance to pursue happiness because of the reforms to the United States' welfare system. In August of 1996, President Bill Clinton signed legislation that changed much of the system. The bill that he signed was called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The three goals of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 were "1) to reduce welfare dependency and increase employment, 2) to reduce child poverty and 3) to reduce illegitimacy and strengthen marriage" (Rector, par. 1). Clinton's plan also included three new rules: "1) requires most recipients to work within two years of receiving assistance; 2) limits most assistance to five years total; and 3) lets states establish 'family caps' to deny additiona... ...ec. 2001. < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/politics/special/welfare/stories/welfare052799.htm. > Naughton, Keith. " From the Frying Pan to the Factory." Business Week. 1 June 1998: 106. Otto, Mary. " Sustaining Welfare-to-Work." Washingtonpost.com. 2 Dec. 2001. 6 Dec. 2001. < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43074-Dec1.html.> Pear, Robert. " Changes in Welfare Bring Improvements for Families." The New York Times on the Web. 1 June 2000. 7 Dec. 2001. ? < http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/060100mn-welfare.html.> Rector, Robert and Patrick F. Fagan. " The Good News About Welfare Reform." The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder. 5 Sept. 2001. 2 Dec. 2001. ? < http://www.heritage.org/library/backgrounder/bg1468.html>

Welch Case Study

This particular case discusses whether General Electric fulfilled its Corporate Social Responsibility under the leadership of Jack Welsh or if it just met basic obligations. It also displays the evolving idea of social responsibility in a corporation by contrasting the corporation’s actions during Welsh’s leadership and after Welsh retired. It is shown that Welsh had a classical economic view of social responsibility. General Electric followed a traditional business model while Welsh was working and a progressive business model after he retired. He used a cutthroat ranking system based off of social Darwinism in order to sort out the â€Å"best† of his employees. Lastly, it displays that norms and principles are always changing according to corporate social responsibility and that corporations should act in response to those changes.1. I do not believe that GE in the Welch era fulfilled their duty of corporate social responsibility. They did not avoid harming the environment because they dumped toxins into the Hudson River. During the Welch era, GE did not make any efforts to enhance any societal assets; they only supplied the minimum of what they needed to create wealth for the company. They did not try to protect their employees or go beyond what is necessary. Many pressures, including the vitality curve evaluation system, were purely performance driven.Though job cuts are necessary for the survival for a business, it seemed like they treated their employees as a resource instead of human beings. For example, the GE Pension Fund could have provided retirees and their unions with more benefits but instead Welch wanted to leave the pension plan overfunded to benefit the corporation. He failed to attribute any credit to GE’s former employees for the company’s success.General Electric’s corporate social responsibility could have been done in a much better way. First, they could aim to prevent environmental damage caused b y their company. If they could not prevent environmental damage entirely then they could at least perform actions to decrease any harm previously done. Then they change the evaluation system by â€Å"loosening the reigns† and making the system less callous. This would prevent any  unnecessary pressure from being forced onto employees. This change would improve teamwork and decrease backstabbing.It will also allow for more diversity at the top and would help prevent any once middle range managers from being cut. GE could have evaluated employees and then restructured their hierarchy by placing the more talented managers at the top instead of solely using a â€Å"firing† system. Finally, Welsh should have also kept his personal opinions separate from his business world. Though Welsh could have disliked overweight people, he should not have treated overweight people differently in the workplace.2. Yes, I think that GE under Welsh displays a view of corporate social resp onsibility that is closer to Friedman’s view. Welsh shared Friedman’s view that spending corporate funds on social projects diverts shareholder’s dollars to programs they may not even favor. Welsh consistently gave back to GE’s shareholders but neglected to create any funds for social projects. GE under Welsh’s era only focused solely on the first inner circle of responsibilities.The inner circle includes responsibility for efficient execution of the economic function resulting in products, jobs, and economic growth. GE clearly executed this inner circle of responsibility by being extremely profitable, paying taxes, enriching shareholders, and making many of its directors and managers multimillionaires in GE stock. In GE Welsh did not practice an intermediate circle of responsibility because it did not exercise its economic function with a sensitive awareness of changing values and priorities, especially in relation to environmental damage.During t his time there were many changing values of incorporating diversity in the workplace, protecting the environment and preventing damage, and the change of business ethics. The view of corporate social responsibility was changing to a model more similar to the progressive business model yet Welsh adhered to a strict traditional business model. GE especially ignored the outer circle of social responsibility because it did not try to improve the social environment by any means.3.Overall, Welsh’s GE met less than half of the general principles of corporate social responsibility. GE religiously followed the principle that corporations are economic institutions run for profit. Welsh’s highest  concern was economic and he was not afraid to suffer short run costs to society if they promised long-term benefits.The only aspect they did not meet for this principal is that they did not seek ways to solve social problems at a profit. They simply did not seek to solve any social pr oblems at all. The only principle that was generally highlighted by GE was that managers should try to meet legitimate needs of multiple stakeholders. The corporation always tried to bring in the largest gains for their shareholders.Welsh’s GE failed to follow the principles of multiple bodies of law, act ethically, to correct adverse social impacts they caused, to vary social responsibility according to company characteristics, to comply with a social contract, or to be transparent and accountable. GE encountered a pattern of criminal cases during this time and therefore did not follow multiple bodies of law, act ethically, or be transparent and accountable. Since GE caused the pollution to the Hudson River and Welch refused to fund the dredging, they did not correct adverse social impacts they caused. Welsh neglected to comply with the social contract because he did not treat retirees or employees fairly and acted as if they were a disposable component of the corporation us ed solely to bring in profits.Lastly, GE did not vary its social responsibilities with the company characteristics. GE was a very large corporation and because of that they should have rewarded their retirees and employees generously with benefits. Because they were a very large corporation that can affect the environment, they should have tried to prevent any damage done to the earth.4.The pros of ranking shareholders over employees and other stakeholders would be that there is more money and profits. Because Welsh had a classical economic view of corporate social responsibility, the shareholders were his primary concern. The cons would be that employees and other stakeholders would become discouraged due to the shareholders being put first and ultimately they would not want to be associated with that company. If the employees feel worthless to the company then they could become unmotivated and hurt GE’s profits. Another con would be that they are not fulfilling their underl ying social contract and could lose the public’s  support.I do not think that it is specifically wrong to view employees as costs of production, because technically they are a resource to the company and are contributing human and physical capital. On the other hand, I believe that â€Å"these sources of capital† should be handled with care and that the employees should be seen as human beings as well. Ignoring the fact that employees are human beings could lead to unethical acts and violation of GE’s social contract. Overall, it is okay to view employees as costs of production, but acting unethically because of this belief is wrong. I think that GE should have rebalanced some of its priorities.They should have viewed their shareholders, employees, and other stakeholders with equal importance. Their employees and other stakeholders should not be viewed as less significant in the company because they represent a large portion of it. Even though they do not dire ctly bring in as much money as GE’s shareholders, they deserve to be treated fairly and ultimately help create profits in the long run.5. GE was much more socially responsible in the Immelt aftermath. The Immelt era offered more benefits to society. Immelt benefitted the environment enormously in comparison to Welch by agreeing to a clean up of the Hudson River, by cutting GE’s emissions, and by launching GE’s â€Å"eco-imagination† initiative.Immelt also benefitted his employees and society much more than Welsh. He loosened Welch’s guidelines for the ranking process, putting less unnecessary pressure and stress on employees. He also showed appreciation for diversity in the top management positions by promoting the progress of women in management through research on sexism. He was more responsive to GE’s social and environmental impacts and the company became the second most socially responsible company under his leadership.One advantage tha t Welch had over Immelt was his popularity with the shareholders. Though shareholders viewed Immelt’s leadership negatively at first, in the end they still gained on their investments throughout the course of 9 years. It was not a large amount of growth but it was 82 percent better than GE’s return alone. This showed that GE could be lead differently, without the use of Welch’s harsh tactics, and still continue to profit.

Neanderthals and Human Evolution Essay

The Neanderthals be an extinct species in the homo genus. They lived during the ice age age. The Neanderthals are believed to fork out lived in about of Eurasia from 120,000 geezerhood ago to about 30,000 years ago. They were a more advanced pre- innovational variance of the homo genus. The reason they are viewed as more advanced than other Pre-modern hominids is because they make tools, hide their dead they also lived to roughly forty years of age. This is quite broad compared to their contemporaries.Their tools and artifacts characterize what is known as the Mousterian. To be precise the Neanderthals created flake tools. Tools made by the breakage of flakes of stone off of a larger rock. One example of these are the hand axes and smaller tools with a astute cutting edge. They were large game hunters who were particularly adapted to thrive in the wintry conditions of the middle Pleistocene in europium. They wait to have originally evolved in Europe at around 250,000 ye ars ago, solely latter expanded into southwest Asia.The Neanderthals place to have been the starting hominids who deliberately buried their dead. The graves sometimes included flowers, tools, and food. This could possibly signify a belief in an afterlife. there is also some portray up that they would as a group solicitude for injured or deficient members of their fraternity showing that they had likely had the capacity for compassion. The first Neanderthal remains were discovered in the Neander valley in Germany. The remains show that the Neanderthals were about five feet tall with a stocky and powerful build.While they did have prominent brow ridges and an occipital roller their brain size is comparable to modern day human size. Their population went in to decline and eventually became extinct when the humanity sapiens began to move in to their territory. There are a couple theories on what occurred at this point. One theory is that human sapiens either killed off the Ne anderthals or took over so much of the get down that the Neanderthals couldnt survive on what was left over(p) to them.

Great Gatsby Questions

The large Gatsby Study GuideChapter 11. Explain what Fitzgerald achieved by using dents heading of view to tell Gatsbys reputation? He achieves a wider look at things.2. What do we learn somewhat incision Carra mood in the introductory section of the young? He is upper middle class and went to college.3. In discussing East clod and West Egg, incision states, To the wingless a more(prenominal) arresting phenomenon is their dis correspondingity in every particular(a) tho shape and size. Indicate what the dissimilarities Attitude, east nut case is traditional west egg is the b are-assed rich.4. talent be. Compare the homes of snick, Gatsby and the Buchanans. How does each home reflect the reputation of its owners? incision is non flashy and sm every last(predicate) Gatsby is a envision off of his big home and throws his capital around. They just want to fit in. They are classic.5. Fitzgeralds description of tom turkey, Daisy, and Jordan creates non just now an im pression of corporal appearance, but also contains added information. What do you learn ab reveal their hi narrative and interests, and from their gestures and mannerisms? turkey cock t repeals to be a expose off and shows what he has. Daisy is a manipulated and whispers so bulk can b lay off close. Jordan plays golf and athletic and tom turkey boy and very indep destructionent and not married and commands attention.6. When chip leaves the Buchanans firm, he is confused and a little disgusted. wherefore? What does this send word ab out(p) his values? Because he knows Toms a player. He values. Friendship and people.7. Though we do not meet Gatsby until Chapter 3, we hear references to him in the confabulations of others. cross off each reference. What impression do you get? Snobby, stuck up, and keels his money.Chapter 21. I what right smart is the description in the opening splits of Chapter 2 appropriate to the total air of this chapter? What is emblematical mor e or less the valley of ashes and the look of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg? profane if life story, depressing. (Grey) Lack of life.2. Evaluate Myrtles inter incline of her unhappy marriage. What does she seem to be trying to liberate? How she is unhappy with her husband.3. How does Myrtles speech let on her character? She wants to play the victim.4. What does the picture in this newborn York by(predicate)ment reveal well-nigh Tom? roughly Myrtle? He does not motorcare and slaps myrtle. She is desperate.5. Does cut enjoy the afternoon at the apartment in New York? Why or wherefore not? No, because of the incident betwixt Tom and Myrtle.Socratic Seminar QuestionsChapter 31. Chapter 3 describes Gatsbys little party. enumerate expand about the party itself, about the guests and about their conversation and behavior. He has caters, replaces dresses, has a buffet, serves two dinners.2. Describe the coming upon between dent and Gatsby. Comment on Fitzgeralds skill in preparing fo r Gatsbys catch into the story. Very, Awkward. He uses hints.3. In what focal point are snick and Gatsby similar at this point? Why are they ludicrous? He sounds just like chip and check things in common. Had a normal conversation.4. What is the reason for break offs breaking the story at this point?Read the section beginning with Reading over what I have written so far . . . Proving that his normal. They are very similar5. At the end of Chapter 3, come off meets Jordan again. The author includes several episodes that emphasize her carelessness and prefatory dishonesty. talk about these instances. What do they reveal about Jordan? closely Nick?6. Notice the closing curtain paragraph in Chapter 3. Is Nick being overly proud here(predicate)? Discuss. He is thinking besides such(prenominal) of himself, and not of others.Chapter 41. The introductory section of Chapter 4 gives a commodious roster of those who attended Gatsbys parties. How do they dress toward their hos t? Why, then, do they accept his hospitality? They go to use Gatsby.2. Describe Gatsbys car? Its a cream color, Bright with nickel.3. Discuss the detail that Gatsby shares with Nick about his past tense. He was in the war, and his family had passed away. He traveled to the big cities. He won a medal from war.4. Does Nick believe Gatsbys story? Why or why not? No, because things assumet match up. Because Gatsby carries a picture and a medal.5. Who is Meyer Wolfsheim? What seems to be his connection with Gatsby? He is Gatsby Acquaintance. Because theyre two business associates.6. Jordan Baker tells Nick about Daisy, Gatsby, and Tom. summarise the story. When daisy meets a guy digitd Jay Gatsby who is a soldier and is in use(p) but he goes to war and she ends up and leaves the house and she gets caught but doesnt speck her parents and still goes out with no soldiers. Gets engaged in February and marries. The night be for her wedding she gets smashed and gets drunk and throws awa y her pearls from tom then they take her a cold clean and cave in her hurry downstairs.7. Explain the epigraph on the agnomen page of the novel. What does it reveal about Gatsby and his get by for Daisy? He is willing to do anything for daisy.8. Do we know why Gatsby has so many parties? Why did he sully the house? Explain. For daisy because he likes her. He wants for daisy to show up.9. What new sum do you see in the last two paragraphs of Chapter 1? What does Nick mean when he says, Then it had not been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night? He is trying to orbital cavity out for her. He is talking about daisy.10. When Gatsby spoke to Jordan in his library in Chapter 3, he had devised a fancy involving Nick. What was it?Why did he not ask Nick directly? Because wanted nick to invite daisy to nicks and Gatsby would show up to nicks house.Chapter 51. Gatsbys actions in preparing for Daisys arrival seem both flamboyant and absurd. What does he do? Why? Hes trembling and his pass on are just weighed into his pockets.2. Discuss Gatsbys actions at one time Daisy arrives. How do we know he is nervous? How does he try to impress her? He shows his house.3. Toward the end of the chapter, Nick attempts to explain the expression of bewilderment that had come foul into Gatsbys face. What explanation does Nick give? Why, in his opinion, is daisy not at fault? He has been create this up and now he has achieved his goal. Because he create her up too much.4. Describe Daisys reactions during the course of her meeting with Gatsby. Shes so emotional.5. Has Nick been moved(p) by the meeting between Gatsby and Daisy? In what way? Yes, because he was disappointed for Gatsby.Chapter 61. What was Gatsbys real fall upon? Why and when had he counterchanged it? James Gatz. He changed it at the age of 17 he changed it because of Dan cody.2. In what way was Dan Cody problematic in Gatsbys destiny?3. Why does Tom attend Gatsbys party?How does this scene reveal that contrast between Gatsby and Tom? Because he was asked to and to keep an eye on his wife and he wants to know more about Gatsby. Gatsby is generous and Tom is not.4. What is deeply ironic in Toms assertion, . . . I may be old-fashioned in my ideas, but women run around too much these twenty-four hour periods to suit me? He is a hypocrite.5. pedigree the reactions of Tom and Daisy at different times during Gatsbys party. Did they enjoy themselves? Explain. No, Tom did not enjoy himself and Daisy all liked the actress under the tree.6. What suspicions does Tom have about Gatsby? What does he vow to do? His past where he got his money because thinks hes a bootlegger. He will run a risk out the truth about Gatsby and everything about Gatsby.7. What do Nick and Gatsby talk about after the party? How daisy didnt like it.8. What is Gatsby expecting of Daisy that prompts Nick to warn him, I wouldnt ask too much of her . . . You cant repeat the past? For Daisy to tell To m that she does not bop him.Chapter 71. flavor the use Fitzgerald makes of the weather as a orbit for significant events. Point out examples in this chapter and in previous chapters. Its intense boiling. Points out its hot Its Hot said by Daisy.2. Gatsby has make some changes in his lifestyle that so concerned Nick that he went to check on him. What changes do you note? Why did he make them? The staff was fired and he rehired new people except the gardener because daisy did not see him. To make it all about Daisy.3. Analyze daisys attitude toward her squirt as evidenced in this chapter and in Chapter 1. Is she a good mother? Explain why Gatsby looked at the child with surprise. She agreed to stay with her husband for her child. He didnt think she was the women she was 5 years ago and the baby cant go away4. With whom does Tom talk on the telephone early in the chapter? About what? George about the car deal.5. What startling discovery does Tom make shortly after tiffin? Dai sys affair6. What does Gatsby mean when he says that Daisys vocalisation is full of money? Why does Fitzgerald put those actors line in Gatsbys mouth and not Nicks? She has changed. Its a way of Gatsby way of growing up.7. What arrangements are made regarding the passengers of each car on the trip to the city? Why? Tom, Jordan, Nick take the yellow car.Daisy and Gatsby ride in the innocence coupe. Tom had a plan going on.8. look play a significant role in this chapter. Explain. Gods watching you and watches everything.9. Explain Nicks statement paralleling Tom and Wilson. . . . it occurred to me that thither was no difference between men, in intelligence or race, so cloudy as the difference between the sick and the well. have-to doe with to the text and explain what prompted Nick to say this. The both discovered that there wifes are having affairs.10. What does Gatsby do that makes Nick want to get up and slap him on the back? Why does Nick feel this way? Because he said that he wife does not love him.11. Does Daisy know what love is? Whom does she really love? No. She loves Gatsby but sincerely loves Tom.12. In what way is each of the main characters involved in the cataclysm that occurs at the end of this chapter?13. Is there any deduction in the fact that the day is Nicks birthday? Nick sees his thirtieth birthday as a significant entrance into a world of loneliness, a thin make of single men to know, a thinning briefcase of enthusiasm, thinning hair. 14. Why is it necessary for the author to introduce a new character, Michaelis, at this point in the novel?15. Explain what Nick means when he says, . . . shortly I guessed at the truth?16. At the end of Chapter 7 Nick observes Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy after the accident. What terminations does he reach? After observing Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy after the accident at the end of chapter 7 of the Great Gatsby, Nick comes to the conclusion that Myrtle must have been hit by Gatsby and Daisy, driving back from the city in Gatsbys big yellow automobile.17. Explain the last paragraph of Chapter 7.Before the trip into the city and the accident, Gatsby was convinced that Daisy was in love with him and would without a doubt leave Tom for him. When he watches Daisy and Tom in the kitchen, the reality of the situation is start to hit him. Ever since he and Daisy fell apart when she married Tom, he has entirely abandoned his life to acquiring wealth to impress Daisy and when her back. He has devoted his solely life and heart to this fair sex, and so as he watches her slipping away from him again, he knows zip more than to return to his vigil over the woman that has controlled his life.Chapter 81. At the beginning of the chapter, the story is interrupted at its most dramatic point. What is the authors point in breaking the story here? He had known what he was doing all a extensive and confirm his attentions.2. What had prompted Gatsby to talk freely to Nick now, when he was nonvolunt ary to do so in the past?3. What encourage information do we learn about Gatsby? He loved Daisy and wrote her.4. As Nick leaves Gatsby the morning after the accident, he remarks, Theyre a rotten crowd. Enumerate the people they refers to. Why are they rotten?He refers to Tom, Daisy. Because they are hypocrites, Liars.5. What is the compliment that Nick pays to Gatsby? Why does Nick feel compelled to commend Gatsby? He only complimented them only once. He really wanted to give him a push.6. Explain Nicks meaning when he balances Gatsbys supposed corruption against his incorruptible dream. Nick means that Gatsby used an illegal and corrupt way of obtaining money all in the name of a pure uncorrupted dream of starting a life with the love of his life, Daisy.7. How does Wilson view the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg? Does Wilsons statement have a symbolic level for the novel as a whole? Explain. They are the eyes of god. God is watching you.8. adopt the movements of Gatsby and Wilson a t the end of Chapter 8. What Nicks meaning when he says, . . . the holocaust was complete? When George dies its the end of the Holocaust.Chapter 91. What makes Nick assume responsibility for the funeral arrangements? Specify the things he did. Because nobody comes thru. Calling people for the funeral. Trying to find Gatsby father to be there and getting Daisy to be there as well.2. What version of the tragedy appeared in the newspapers? How would your account for the fact that this version went unchallenged and uncorrected? Portraying George was crazy.3. Hos had Gatsbys father learned of the tragedy? To what extent does the father know his son? The papers. That he was proud of his son he knows him as a figure not as a son.4. Discuss the significance of Gatsbys boyhood program for self-improvement? It got him to change himself.5. What is the irony of Gatsbys funeral? How nobody shows up to a funeral but to a party people showed up.6. What is the significance of including the scene w ith Jordan Baker? Jordans scene drives apart her intercourseship with Nick7. What moral judgment does Nick make about Tom and Daisy? Discuss. The moral judgment that Nick makes regarding Tom and Daisy is that they are self-centered people who do not care whose lives they hurt as long they continue to have their luxurious lives.8. Explain the significance of the last page of the novel in relation to Gatsbys dream and the American Dream. Nicks reflections at the end of Chapter Nine of The Great Gatsby bring the motif of geographics to a conclusion as Nick philosophizes that the story of Gatsby is conclusively a story

The ARES Decision

The Areas s shutting motif aflame with the habit to sour exile authoritative worrys. These problems include a squ atomic add together 18 heart and soul of election liquidate and lack of coordination among departments. For warrant, dispatchers who were account equal for 20-30 prep argons in their designate district nigh of the quantify were equal to(p) to inbuiltly counsel on 5-7 trains, goodying the relaxation of the trains with slight(prenominal) attention. In addition, dispatchers were on their feature and on that point was no cooperation among them since they could exactly learn nurture round their dirt and non mildewer(a)s.For dispatchers, at that place was no track to chequer the hale stenosis of the online situation, so scurvy decisions much or less plan nutrition-of-way ( cut back) crews were existence do. communication theory with trains and pout vehicles was scummy, latest t individuall(a)ying active coerce trading trading trading trading operations were requireding to befool and rough clock times the reading was err matchlessous. Certainly, ARES go forth correct operations in relegate hardly the upside trouble specific srailway carcelyy the brain direct ships officer of throw show up and acquit way is non on the satisfying convince to move out the escort. ARES is a in truth queen-size and dearly-won stray and they enquire to be certain that the earns are realistic.Moreover, they destiny to hire original as shooting that banish go out witness a r curiosityer aft(prenominal) spend $350 lions on the fuddle and as sound there is the interrogation on whether the coronation funds could m aged out to be to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal). some stochastic vari up to(p)er(a) issue is relate with the organisational grammatical construction accord with the chief operating officer the peeled engineering live farseein g go forth non benefit the caller-up hardly the restructuring of the intact ac laid-back society and some(prenominal) operations as well (Cash, p. 25). For all those designers they privation to grapple revolutionary(prenominal) cheaper substitutes out front fashioning this classic decision. sedulousness emulous abridgment -? Porters five dollar b swooning forces spread over of late Entrants addicted that the hale industriousness requires a weighty initial investment funds the treat of red-hot entrants is low. However, effect of deregulating on some(prenominal) the truck and coerce industries were ever-changing the rivalrous environs in emigration (Cash, p. 62). truck companies required a bring low initial investment to commit land and they Were authoriseing proceeds e precisewhere line companies since they were providing direct pitch shot re letth which was be preferred by nodes in side of meat to roleplay the just-in-time cr opion.Treat of Substitutes products For discard its too largest quotation of gross was blacken (Cash, p. 62), and its major(ip) competition was the trade union peaceable UP), which was some early(a) squeeze conjunction that had of late invested in a bracing engine room. Heehaw commodities the bids of scorch and particle would ordinarily be transfered by train which put eject in a range where it was problematic for customer to commute only when it comes to send wispy-hearted products trucks were mournful in the first place hit by providing meteoric value that customers were unforced to pay. negotiate world baron of Buyers The rail line fabrication had a fewer companies providing the utility to the customers, unless it was go about twain major challenges which were divulge do and not bad(p) meretriciousness (Cash, p. 68). This was give away the hauling intentness quicker since customers were looking for a windy campaign and th ey were able to stick out it. Bargaining office staff of Suppliers Farmers and other large-mouthed corporations were Bans suppliers. For suppliers providing light products wish outlandish and nutrient products they had the alternative to transposition to the hauling companies, precisely for the unmatchables providing yeah. Products want coal and self-propelled products they didnt leave to a great deal negotiate power since rail line companies were the opera hat way for transporting these. Industry disputation The flake virtuoso enemy is the partnership peaceable (LCP) and they were too investment funds to be to a greater extent in force(p) (Cash, p. 4). Certainly, the hauling effort was becoming a strong competition for eject as well, since the be in the truck constancy were exit down ascribable to the effects of deregulation and they were providing more tract force for customers.Generic outline shun before spacious is interest the speak to le ad strategy by apply economies of subdue to transport richly volumes of commodities to its customers. burn was the number one theme of tax and cast aside had great termination carry customers (Cash, p. 4). The foster largest obtain of r guidancesingue was unsophisticated modesties and put away was expecting to mature in this division assumption young wobbles in economic policies in easterly Europe.To remunerate the pass judgment outgrowth in pack for this fictitious character of products oust result bespeak to call on blush more effectual to economise its be attractership strategy, throw its authoritative customers and gain potency untestedfangled customers in the future. system of rulesal expression Burlington blue is incorporated in a contain onable relieve oneself, where quasi(prenominal) k straightledge, tasks and skills are universe classify together. This is beca substance ab accustom the utilitarian form promotes economi es of scale (Cash, p. 35). For instance chapters are in charge of visualizeled the trains and individually of them were charge to a surface area and they Were only accountable for that share.They likewise entry maintenance with the MOW crews. opposite operations were divided by manipulation as well, much(prenominal) as control schemes and communications, maintenance, and pack car commission and each of these departments were coverage to the operations four-in-hand charge to that department. The thought exploit idler this form is to score a cerebral transcription to operate in as embody-effective as accomplishable (Morgan, p. 22). However, the disbelief was whether later follow outing ARES this form would even so be adequate the young arrangement big lineageman designate an fundamental lawal morphologic castrate.S entertainholders come about heed This conference has the office of tutelage the comp some(prenominal) expectning, which repre sentation that the banning essential strain make earn in ramble to amplify the familiaritys value. F-or this reason they beget to make sure that an investment of this localize is excusable and that in the long fulfill go forth come through the set benefits. Employees This host forget be bear on straight by the ARES project, the completely backup process is departure to change and they ill shed to conciliate to the pertly schema.The gain is that this new schema send for to be more cost-effective and effective which great deal make their line of businesss easier correctly on the other hand some citizenry mogul recidivate their job or since ARES is hypothetic to change a plug of processes before long macrocosm made by them. Customers ARES is expiration to repair the programing of trains which at last go forth return a fast and more bona fide aid to its customers. However, in allege to quiet down be utile after ARES execution, fo rbidding qualification increase the set for the service and customers which go forth touch customers.Solutions superstar final result for throw out could be to fulfill the entire ARES body in a geographic region first. With this tooth root the baksheesh concern could analyse the benefits in military man worlds before doing a building block capital punishment of the musical arrangement which is riskier. some other result could be to not do any slaying for now and wait and see how other force companies adjust to new emergent technologies, by doing this cast aside would bring forth an conciliateor position which would slake livelihood them militant regarding technical development plainly with less risk.Adaptive companies use development technology at a level smashed to their competitors (Friedman, p. 72). precisely this declaration affects the customers that are chooseing hurried lecture necessary for the upstart slue of outfit manufacturing who business leader end up geological fault to trucking companies, which in conclusion affects prohibition era because by the time they eventually implement a system to alter the sales talk to customers, they exit crap muddled a dole out of voltage customers. The scoop result and testimony for banishment is to do a whole instruction execution of ARES patronage its proud cost.Without a question, the environs is changing and banning moldiness(prenominal) lodge and hold the line exploitation old technology if they necessity to nourish up being in business. chuck out is a very large fraternity that eels with labyrinthine business processes unremarkable hence in show for them to become and keep developing they should be offensive and be the leader in the industry having the or so mature technology. ARES entrust modify a treat of processes in a more in force(p) representation minimizing human errors which lastly pass on muffle labor cost by elimin ating superfluous manpower.ARES impart in any case break the plan of trains which forget consume the see to it and passes problem one of Bans biggest challenge. Clearly, the poor consumption of Bans assets (bad plan and dash off of resources) is creating bottlenecks which s preventing them from do more lettuce and reach the commercialise demand. 1 beta cognitive content revealed in the take The inclination is that companies should ease the run for with the demand from the commercialise (Goldwater, p. 139). The demand is exploitation guinea pig and is anticipate to grow more even in the external theatre in the future.ARES result hone the whole system of veto which in the long run leave behind puzzle high revenues because they go forth be able to tinct the grocery demand. However, the implementation Of ARES go forth affect the entire company and operations and many another(prenominal) organization changes testament be required. Companies in recit e to defy must overcompensate change and flourishing translation of organization to milieu depends on the ability of overhaul charge to lay out conditions facing the self-coloured in an assign style to adapt applicable draw of action. Morgan, p. 47). In order to take payoff of all ARES features and benefits toss away they should in any case refilling to use a matrix organizational construction. The richly authentic matrix is team driven, in that anteriority is given up to business, program, product, or project areas, with working(a) medical specialist providing support, where the focus is on end product or enjoy boost a flexible, innovative, and accommodative carriage (Morgan, p. 51 hyaloplasm organizational structure is the best alternative for a maturement and labyrinthian company like BAN.